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- Essay Name : 1367.txt
- Uploader : Kevin
- Email Address :
- Language : US English
- Subject : Environmental Awareness
- Title : Acid Rain
- Grade : 85%
- School System : Broward County Public Schools
- Country : USA
- Author Comments : A cause and effect paper dealing with Acid Rain
- Teacher Comments :
- Date : 9/15/94
- Site found at : friend
- --------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Acid rain is a serious problem with disastrous effects. Each day
- this serious problem increases, many people believe that this issue
- is too small to deal with right now this issue should be met head
- on and solved before it is too late. In the following paragraphs I
- will be discussing the impact has on the wildlife and how our
- atmosphere is being destroyed by acid rain.
-
-
- CAUSES
-
- Acid rain is a cancer eating into the face of Eastern Canada and
- the North Eastern United States. In Canada, the main sulphuric acid
- sources are non⌐ferrous smelters and power generation. On both
- sides of the border, cars and trucks are the main sources for
- nitric acid(about 40% of the total), while power generating plants
- and industrial commercial and residential fuel combustion together
- contribute most of the rest. In the air, the sulphur dioxide and
- nitrogen oxides can be transformed into sulphuric acid and nitric
- acid, and air current can send them thousands of kilometres from
- the source.When the acids fall to the earth in any form it will
- have large impact on the growth or the preservation of certain
- wildlife.
-
- NO DEFENCE
-
- Areas in Ontario mainly southern regions that are near the Great
- Lakes, such substances as limestone or other known antacids can
- neutralize acids entering the body of water thereby protecting it.
- However, large areas of Ontario that are near the Pre⌐Cambrian
- Shield, with quartzite or granite based geology and little top
- soil, there is not enough buffering capacity to neutralize even
- small amounts of acid falling on the soil and the lakes. Therefore
- over time, the basic environment shifts from an alkaline to a
- acidic one. This is why many lakes in the Muskoka,
- Haliburton, Algonquin, Parry Sound and Manitoulin districts could
- lose their fisheries if sulphur emissions are not reduced
- substantially.
-
-
-
- ACID
-
- The average mean of pH rainfall in Ontario's Muskoka⌐Haliburton
- lake country ranges between 3.95 and 4.38 about 40 times more
- acidic than normal rainfall, while storms in Pennsilvania have
- rainfall pH at 2.8 it almost has the same rating for vinegar.
-
-
-
- Already 140 Ontario lakes are completely dead or dying. An
- additional 48 000 are sensitive and vulnerable to acid rain due
- to the surrounding concentrated acidic soils.╘
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- ACID RAIN CONSISTS OF....?
-
- Canada does not have as many people, power plants or automobiles as
- the United States, and yet acid rain there has become so severe
- that Canadian government officials called it the most pressing
- environmental issue facing the nation. But it is important to bear
- in mind that acid rain is only one segment, of the widespread
- pollution of the atmosphere facing the world. Each year the global
- atmosphere is on the receiving end of 20 billion tons of carbon
- dioxide, 130 million tons of suffer dioxide, 97 million tons of
- hydrocarbons, 53 million tons of nitrogen oxides, more than three
- million tons of arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc and
- other toxic metals, and a host of synthetic organic compounds
- ranging from polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) to toxaphene and other
- pesticides, a number of which may be capable of causing cancer,
- birth defects, or genetic imbalances.
-
-
-
- COST OF ACID RAIN
-
- Interactions of pollutants can cause problems. In addition to
- contributing to acid rain, nitrogen oxides can react with
- hydrocarbons to produce ozone, a major air pollutant responsible in
- the United States for annual losses of $2 billion to 4.5 billion
- worth of wheat, corn, soyabeans, and peanuts. A wide range of
- interactions can occur many unknown with toxic metals.
-
-
-
-
- In Canada, Ontario alone has lost the fish in an estimated 4000
- lakes and provincial authorities calculate that Ontario stands to
- lose the fish in 48 500 more lakes within the next twenty years if
- acid rain continues at the present rate.Ontario is not alone, on
- Nova Scotia's Eastern most shores, almost every river flowing to
- the Atlantic Ocean is poisoned with acid. Further threatening a $2
- million a year fishing industry.
-
-
-
-
-
- ╘
- Acid rain is killing more than lakes. It can scar the leaves of
- hardwood forest, wither ferns and lichens, accelerate the death of
- coniferous needles, sterilize seeds, and weaken the forests to a
- state that is vulnerable to disease infestation and decay. In the
- soil the acid neutralizes chemicals vital for growth, strips others
- from the soil and carries them to the lakes and literally retards
- the respiration of the soil. The rate of forest growth in the White
- Mountains of New Hampshire has declined 18% between 1956 and 1965,
- time of increasingly intense acidic rainfall.
- Acid rain no longer falls exclusively on the lakes, forest, and
- thin soils of the Northeast it now covers half the continent.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- EFFECTS
-
- There is evidence that the rain is destroying the productivity of
- the once rich soils themselves, like an overdose of chemical
- fertilizer or a gigantic drenching of vinegar. The damage of such
- overdosing may not be repairable or reversible. On some croplands,
- tomatoes grow to only half their full weight, and the leaves of
- radishes wither. Naturally it rains on cities too, eating away
- stone monuments and concrete structures, and corroding the pipes
- which channel the water away to the lakes and the cycle is
- repeated. Paints and automobile paints have its life reduce due to
- the pollution in the atmosphere speeding up the corrosion process.
- In some communities the drinking water is laced with toxic metals
- freed from metal pipes by the acidity. As if urban skies were not
- already grey enough, typical visibility has declined from 10 to 4
- miles, along the Eastern seaboard, as acid rain turns into smogs.
- Also, now there are indicators that the components of acid rain are
- a health risk, linked to human respiratory disease.
- PREVENTION
- However, the acidification of water supplies could result in
- increased concentrations of metals in plumbing such as lead, copper
- and zinc which could result in adverse health effects. After any
- period of non⌐use, water taps at summer cottages or ski chalets
- they should run the taps for at least 60 seconds to flush any
- excess debris.
-
-
-
-
- ╘
- STATISTICS
-
- Although there is very little data, the evidence indicates that in
- the last twenty to thirty years the acidity of rain has increased
- in many parts of the United States. Presently, the United States
- annually discharges more than 26 million tons of suffer dioxide
- into the atmosphere. Just three states, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois
- are responsible for nearly a quarter of this total. Overall, two¬thirds of the suffer dioxide into the atmosphere over the United
- States comes from coal⌐fired and oil fired plants. Industrial
- boilers, smelters, and refineries contribute 26%; commercial
- institutions and residences 5%; and transportation 3%. The outlook
- for future emissions of suffer dioxide is not a bright one. Between
- now and the year 2000, United States utilities are expected to
- double the amount of coal they burn. The United States currently
- pumps some 23 million tons of nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere
- in the course of the year.
- Transportation sources account for 40%; power plants, 30%;
- industrial sources, 25%; and commercial institutions and residues,
- 5%. What makes these figures particularly distributing is that
- nitrogen oxide emissions have tripled in the last thirty years.
- FINAL THOUGHTS
- Acid rain is very real and a very threatening problem. Action by
- one government is not enough. In order for things to be done we
- need to find a way to work together on this for at least a
- reduction in the contaminates contributing to acid rain. Although
- there are right steps in the right directions but the government
- should be cracking down on factories not using the best filtering
- systems when incinerating or if the factory is giving off any other
- dangerous fumes. I would like to express this question to you, the
- public:WOULD YOU RATHER PAY A LITTLE NOW OR A LOT LATER?
-
-
-
-
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-